Encyclopedia of GIS

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Encyclopedia of GIS

Welcome to the homepage of Encyclopedia of GIS, a comprehensive reference work from Springer. This work has been co-edited by Shashi Shekhar, University of Minnesota, and Hui Xiong, Rutgers University, in collaboration with an editorial board.

This Encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work for scholars of geo-informatics, geography, and computer systems supporting geographical information delivery. A simple A-Z format provides easy access to relevant information. Also extensive cross-references using keywords to related essays is provided to support efficient searches in a user-friendly manner.

Information and more details about the extent of this project can be found under Aims & Scope.

Shashi Shekhar, Hui Xiong

(Editors in Chief)

Aims & Scope

Editorial Board

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A
A* Algorithm → Fastest-Path Computation Absolute Positional Accuracy → Positional Accuracy Improvement (PAI) Abstract Features → Feature Extraction, Abstract Abstract Representation of Geographic Data → Feature Catalogue Abstraction → Hierarchies and Level of Detail Abstraction of GeoDatabases Access Control → Privacy Threats in Location-Based Services Access Method, High-Dimensional → Indexing, X-Tree Access Structures for Spatial Constraint Databases → Indexing Spatial Constraint Databases Accuracy → Uncertain Environmental Variables in GIS Accuracy, Map → Imprecision and Spatial Uncertainty Accuracy, Spatial → Imprecision and Spatial Uncertainty Active Data Mining → Gaussian Process Models in Spatial Data Mining ActiveX Components → MapWindow GIS Activities and Occurrences → Processes and Events Activities, Fixed → Time Geography Activities, Flexible → Time Geography Activity → Temporal GIS and Applications Activity Analysis → Time Geography Activity Theory → Time Geography Acyclic Directed Graph → Hierarchies and Level of Detail Adaptation Adaptation, Complete → User Interfaces and Adaptive Maps Adaption, Complete → Mobile Usage and Adaptive Visualization Adaptive → User Interfaces and Adaptive Maps Adaptive, Context-Aware → Mobile Usage and Adaptive Visualization Adaptive Visualization → Mobile Usage and Adaptive Visualization Ad-Hoc Localization → Localization, Cooperative Aerial → Photogrammetric Applications Aerial Imagery → Photogrammetric Sensors Affordance → Wayfinding: Affordances and Agent Simulation Agent Simulation → Wayfinding: Affordances and Agent Simulation Agent-Based Models → Geographic Dynamics, Visualization and Modeling Aggregate Queries, Progressive Approximate Aggregation → Hierarchies and Level of Detail Aggregation Query, Spatial Air Borne Sensors → Photogrammetric Sensors akNN → Nearest Neighbors Problem Algorithm → Data Structure All-K-Nearest Neighbors → Nearest Neighbors Problem All-Lanes-Out → Contraflow for Evacuation Traffic Management All-Nearest-Neighbors → Nearest Neighbors Problem	Ambient Spatial Intelligence → Geosensor Networks, Qualitative Monitoring of Dynamic Fields Ambiguity Analysis, Robustness → Multicriteria Decision Making, Spatial Analysis, Sensitivity → Multicriteria Decision Making, Spatial Anamolies → Data Analysis, Spatial Anchor Points → Wayfinding, Landmarks Anchors, Space-Time → Time Geography Anomaly Detection Anonymity → Cloaking Algorithms for Location Privacy Anonymity in Location-Based Services → Privacy Threats in Location-Based Services Anonymization of GPS Traces → Privacy Preservation of GPS Traces ANSI NCITS 320-1998 → Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) Application → Photogrammetric Applications Application Schema Approximate Aggregate Query → Aggregate Queries, Progressive Approximate Approximation ArcExplorer → Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Map Service (WMS) ArcGIS: General Purpose GIS Software System ArcIMS → Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Map Service (WMS) Arrival, Angle Of → Indoor Localization Arrival, Time Of → Indoor Localization Artificial Neural Network → Self Organizing Map (SOM) Usage in LULC Classification aR-Tree → Multi‐Resolution Aggregate Tree Association → Co-location Patterns, Algorithms Association Measures → Co-location Patterns, Interestingness Measures Association Rules: Image Indexing and Retrieval → Image Mining, Spatial Association Rules, Spatio-temporal → Movement Patterns in Spatio‐temporal Data Atlas, Electronic → Multimedia Atlas Information Systems Atlas Information System → Multimedia Atlas Information Systems Atlas, Interactive → Multimedia Atlas Information Systems Atlas, Multimedia → Multimedia Atlas Information Systems Atlas, Virtual → Multimedia Atlas Information Systems Attribute and Positional Error in GIS → Uncertain Environmental Variables in GIS Autocorrelation, Spatial Automated Map Compilation → Conflation of Features Automated Map Generalization → Feature Extraction, Abstract Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) → Intergraph: Real Time Operational Geospatial Applications Automatic Graphics Generation → Information Presentation, Dynamic Automatic Information Extraction → Data Acquisition, Automation Autonomy, Space Time → Time Geography Autoregressive Models → Hierarchical Spatial Models
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A* Algorithm → Fastest-Path Computation
Absolute Positional Accuracy → Positional Accuracy Improvement (PAI)
Abstract Features → Feature Extraction, Abstract
Abstract Representation of Geographic Data → Feature Catalogue
Abstraction → Hierarchies and Level of Detail
Abstraction of GeoDatabases
Access Control → Privacy Threats in Location-Based Services
Access Method, High-Dimensional → Indexing, X-Tree
Access Structures for Spatial Constraint Databases → Indexing Spatial Constraint Databases
Accuracy → Uncertain Environmental Variables in GIS
Accuracy, Map → Imprecision and Spatial Uncertainty
Accuracy, Spatial → Imprecision and Spatial Uncertainty
Active Data Mining → Gaussian Process Models in Spatial Data Mining
ActiveX Components → MapWindow GIS
Activities and Occurrences → Processes and Events
Activities, Fixed → Time Geography
Activities, Flexible → Time Geography
Activity → Temporal GIS and Applications
Activity Analysis → Time Geography
Activity Theory → Time Geography
Acyclic Directed Graph → Hierarchies and Level of Detail
Adaptation
Adaptation, Complete → User Interfaces and Adaptive Maps
Adaption, Complete → Mobile Usage and Adaptive Visualization
Adaptive → User Interfaces and Adaptive Maps
Adaptive, Context-Aware → Mobile Usage and Adaptive Visualization
Adaptive Visualization → Mobile Usage and Adaptive Visualization
Ad-Hoc Localization → Localization, Cooperative
Aerial → Photogrammetric Applications
Aerial Imagery → Photogrammetric Sensors
Affordance → Wayfinding: Affordances and Agent Simulation
Agent Simulation → Wayfinding: Affordances and Agent Simulation
Agent-Based Models → Geographic Dynamics, Visualization and Modeling
Aggregate Queries, Progressive Approximate
Aggregation → Hierarchies and Level of Detail
Aggregation Query, Spatial
Air Borne Sensors → Photogrammetric Sensors
akNN → Nearest Neighbors Problem
Algorithm → Data Structure
All-K-Nearest Neighbors → Nearest Neighbors Problem
All-Lanes-Out → Contraflow for Evacuation Traffic Management
All-Nearest-Neighbors → Nearest Neighbors Problem

Ambient Spatial Intelligence → Geosensor Networks, Qualitative Monitoring of Dynamic Fields
Ambiguity
Analysis, Robustness → Multicriteria Decision Making, Spatial
Analysis, Sensitivity → Multicriteria Decision Making, Spatial
Anamolies → Data Analysis, Spatial
Anchor Points → Wayfinding, Landmarks
Anchors, Space-Time → Time Geography
Anomaly Detection
Anonymity → Cloaking Algorithms for Location Privacy
Anonymity in Location-Based Services → Privacy Threats in Location-Based Services
Anonymization of GPS Traces → Privacy Preservation of GPS Traces
ANSI NCITS 320-1998 → Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)
Application → Photogrammetric Applications
Application Schema
Approximate Aggregate Query → Aggregate Queries, Progressive Approximate
Approximation
ArcExplorer → Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Map Service (WMS)
ArcGIS: General Purpose GIS Software System
ArcIMS → Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Map Service (WMS)
Arrival, Angle Of → Indoor Localization
Arrival, Time Of → Indoor Localization
Artificial Neural Network → Self Organizing Map (SOM) Usage in LULC Classification
aR-Tree → Multi‐Resolution Aggregate Tree
Association → Co-location Patterns, Algorithms
Association Measures → Co-location Patterns, Interestingness Measures
Association Rules: Image Indexing and Retrieval → Image Mining, Spatial
Association Rules, Spatio-temporal → Movement Patterns in Spatio‐temporal Data
Atlas, Electronic → Multimedia Atlas Information Systems
Atlas Information System → Multimedia Atlas Information Systems
Atlas, Interactive → Multimedia Atlas Information Systems
Atlas, Multimedia → Multimedia Atlas Information Systems
Atlas, Virtual → Multimedia Atlas Information Systems
Attribute and Positional Error in GIS → Uncertain Environmental Variables in GIS
Autocorrelation, Spatial
Automated Map Compilation → Conflation of Features
Automated Map Generalization → Feature Extraction, Abstract
Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) → Intergraph: Real Time Operational Geospatial Applications
Automatic Graphics Generation → Information Presentation, Dynamic
Automatic Information Extraction → Data Acquisition, Automation
Autonomy, Space Time → Time Geography
Autoregressive Models → Hierarchical Spatial Models

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