You are using a very old version of Internet Explorer or Internet Explorer compatibility mode.

Please use another browser, upgrade your Internet Explorer or switch off its compatibility mode.

Springer Reference has been updated!

In order to improve user experience of our reference content we have moved existing and forthcoming published reference content to SpringerLink. Updated content will continue to be published as "Living Reference Works".

Are you an author or editor of a Springer Major Reference Work?
We have changed our platforms to submit and review manuscripts and to display the project pages and websites. All of this has been moved to our new submission platform.

If you have any questions please email us.